环丙沙星对实验性猪支原体性肺炎的药效学研究

测定环丙沙星及对照药物对猪肺炎支原体的最小抑菌浓度，其中环丙沙星的抗支原体活性最强，最小抑菌浓度为0．01μg/ml。通过给18头健康猪气管内接种含有猪肺炎支原体的病肺悬液，复制具有典型症状的猪支原体性肺炎疾病模型，并进行环丙沙星2．5、5．0mg/kg肌注给药对实验性猪支原体性肺炎的疗效实验及血浆药物浓度监测，两组治愈率分别为83．3％（5／6）和100％（6／6）。治疗组多剂量给药期间，第1、3、5、7、9次给药后0．5及6h的血浆药物浓度，在2．5mg/kg剂量组平均为0．41μg/ml和0．17μg/ml,5.0mg/kg剂量组平均为0．71μg/ml和0．28μg/ml。两剂量组环丙沙星均无蓄积作用。     

四川省洪雅林场杉木黄化病因研究：Ⅱ. 叶中铁锰测定和沙培水培结果

本测定表明了叶中铁锰含量的增加或减少与土壤测定相一致。沙培和水培进一步证明了水溶性铁含量增高是致使根系衰弱和死亡的主要因素,也是抑制对锰吸收的主要因子;在通气差的条件下尤为严重。土壤含水率高,是卵菌纲(Oomycctcs)中兼性寄生菌对杉木根系侵柒的主要条件,由此加速了杉木的死亡。     

Short-term compatibility of furosemide with crystalloid solutions

Parenteral veterinary furosemide is a 50-mg/mL solution with a pH of 8.0-9.3. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a commonly used veterinary formulation of 50 mg/mL of furosemide solution could be diluted in vitro without precipitation. Furosemide 50 mg/mL was diluted to concentrations of 10 and 5 mg/mL with 5% dextrose in water (D5W), 0.9% saline, lactated Ringer solution (LRS), and sterile water. Acidic sterile water and basic sterile water solutions were made by the addition of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide, respectively, for use as controls to assess the effect of pH extremes for each concentration. After furosemide dilution, the final pH of each sample was measured, and samples were grossly and microscopically examined for clarity and crystal formation immediately and 1, 3, 5, and 8 hours after dilution. Gross precipitation and microscopic crystals were immediately observed in the acidic controls. Solutions of 5 mg/mL in LRS and 0.9% saline became slightly cloudy immediately, but no crystals were observed microscopically for 8 hours. Solutions of 10 mg/mL in D5W, 0.9% saline, LRS, and sterile water and solutions of 5 mg/mL in D5W and sterile water and the basic control were grossly clear, and no microscopic crystals were observed for 8 hours. On the basis of the results obtained in this in vitro investigation, this veterinary formulation of furosemide 50 mg/mL can be diluted without precipitation to a concentration of 10 mg/mL with D5W, 0.9% saline, LRS, or sterile water and to 5 mg/mL with D5W or sterile water and held for 8 hours.     

多效唑,缩节胺在秋番茄育苗上的应用

秋番茄育苗,于３片真叶施用５０～１００ｍｇ／Ｌ多效唑液或２５－５０ｍｇ／Ｌ缩节胺液,对防止幼苗徒长,培育壮苗有显著作用;增产效果极显著。     

Analysis of Drought Characteristics and Its Trend Change in Shaanxi Province Based on SPEI and MI

【Objective】 At present, most drought studies were based on historical drought events to analyze the causes and trends. This paper sought to simulate the drought index method when outputting future meteorological data based on CMIP5 model, and explored the characteristics of past and future drought changes in Shaanxi Province, which could provide a basis for the future management of agricultural water resources in Shaanxi Province. 【Method】Based on the historical data of 18 meteorological stations in Shaanxi Province and CMIP5 model, the future meteorological data were output. The reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) was simulated by comparing three kinds of models. The standard precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) and relative moisture index (MI) were calculated based on the reference crop ET₀ and precipitation data to reflect the drought degree. The spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in the past (1958-2017) and in the future (2018-2100) were compared.【Result】Multiple linear regression (MLR) simulation could accurately predict the reference crop ET₀ (RMSE=0.457 mm·d ^-1). In the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the future drought index showed an upward trend. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, there was a sudden change in the drought index in the 1940s. The degree of drought would decrease in the future of Shaanxi Province, and the distribution of drought would be more uneven during the year. In the future, the degree of drought would decrease during summer maize growth season, and the degree of drought would increase during winter wheat growth season.【Conclusion】The characteristics and extent of drought change were different under different RCP scenarios. The changes in drought characteristics reflected by SPEI and MI were basically the same, but there were differences in the changes in some time periods. In order to effectively cope with the negative impact of climate change on dry crop yields, it was necessary to enhance soil water storage and conservation capacity, especially to strengthen drought resistance during the winter wheat growing season.     

农药喷施浓度对厚皮甜瓜套袋果实中残留量的影响

为明确不同施药浓度对不同厚皮甜瓜品种套袋果实中的农药残留量的影响及药残富集部位,以厚皮甜瓜金玉和M135为试材,对不套袋、套白纸袋的果实喷施不同稀释倍数的多菌灵和敌敌畏药剂,分别采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和气相色谱法(GC)测定农药的残留量。结果表明,果实样品中的多菌灵和敌敌畏残留量分别在施药后第5天和第1天达到最高,最高值分别为0.599mg·kg-1和0.786mg·kg-1,农药残留量随施药浓度的变化而呈现不同的变化趋势。残留的农药主要集中在果实外果皮,其中外果皮中多菌灵残留量占全部的70.4%,敌敌畏占38.8%。由此说明,套袋对不同浓度的农药作用效果不一致,对高浓度药剂能够起到良好的阻隔效果,而对低浓度的药剂作用不显著,且不同类型农药在果实中的分布与药剂性质存在相关性。     

Bovine respiratory disease: efficacy of different prophylactic treatments in veal calves and antimicrobial resistance of isolated Pasteurellaceae

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of two prophylactic antibiotic treatments against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in veal calves. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated Pasteurellaceae were tested. The calves were treated either on the day of arrival by a single administration of tulathromycin (group A, n = 20), by a peroral administration of chlortetracycline, sulphadimidine, and tylosin (group B, n = 20) for seven consecutive days, or were not prophylactically treated (group C, n = 19). On the first day of clinically diagnosed BRD, transtracheal lavage samples were obtained prior to therapeutic treatment and were subsequently cultured. Pasteurellaceae isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents by the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentrations. During the first 56 d after arrival, different calves in group A and B suffered from one episode of clinically diagnosed BRD while calves of group C experienced two episodes. The average daily weight gain during the same period was significantly lower in group C (0.89 ± 0.04 kg/d) than in the two prophylactically treated groups (1.14 ± 0.05 and 1.15 ± 0.04 kg/d for group A and B, respectively). The improved performance of groups A and B in comparison to group C could be related to a lower incidence of respiratory disorders during the first days after arrival in the prophylactically treated animals. No differences in the clinical efficacy were seen between the two tested prophylactic treatments. The most prevalent bacterial pathogens isolated (n = 79) were Pasteurella multocida (23% of isolated pathogens), Mycoplasma bovis (18%), and Mannheimia varigena (16%). For the isolated Pasteurellaceae, a high resistance pattern was observed to tylosin (83% of the tested P. multocida and 88% of the Mannheimia spp. isolates resistant) and tilmicosin (56% of the tested P. multocida isolates non-sensitive).     

EGCG溶液浓度与酸碱度对黄壤Al、Fe和Mn形态的影响

植物多酚可通过络合作用改变元素的存在形态。采用双因素完全随机试验设计,通过浸提试验研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸脂(EGCG)溶液浓度、酸碱度、浓度与酸碱度互作对黄壤可溶态、游离态、无定形态和络合态铝(Al)、铁(Fe)和锰(Mn)的影响。结果表明:EGCG溶液浓度对黄壤可溶态和络合态Al、Fe、Mn及无定形态Al、Fe均产生极显著影响,EGCG溶液酸碱度对黄壤可溶态及无定形态Al、Fe、Mn均产生显著或极显著影响,EGCG溶液浓度与酸碱度对黄壤可溶态Al、Fe、Mn,无定形态和络合态Al也有极显著或显著的互作效应。相关分析结果显示,土壤中3种元素的无定形态氧化物含量与对应的可溶态氧化物含量呈显著或极显著负相关,表明EGCG溶液主要通过改变氧化物形态,特别是无定形态氧化物含量,影响元素活化,进而改变其可溶态含量;Al和Mn的活化会使土壤滤液pH降低,在pH降低幅度较大时,可能导致土壤酸化。本试验一方面为研究酸性茶园土壤酸化的来源提供了方向,另一方面也可为植物Al/Mn毒害的防治提供参考,但在利用植物多酚类物质防治土壤Al/Mn毒害的同时要处理好土壤酸化与治理毒害的关系。     

禾豆间作氮素高效利用机理及农艺调控途径研究进展

为保障粮食安全,农业生产中化肥使用极为普遍,但过量使用,往往引起地下水污染、温室效应加剧、生物多样性降低等多种环境和生态问题。禾豆间作系统由于不同作物生物学特性和氮素利用存在差异,进行合理调控可充分发挥生物固氮优点,从而减少化肥投入,提高生产效益,是一种稳产、高产、高效可持续的种植体系。该系统中"氮转移"、"氮阻遏"消减和氮素时空分异是目前研究的热点,也是促进豆科作物固氮、减少化肥投入的有效途径,可实现禾、豆两种作物对氮素的高效利用。特别是该系统中作物品种、施氮制度、空间布局以及种植密度等农艺措施是对种间关系进行调控的必要手段,合理优化可有效促进禾/豆间作竞争与互补协同作用,增强氮素协调利用,从而挖掘两种作物对氮素高效利用的生物学潜力。为此,本文基于前人研究成果和农业可持续发展观点,重点综述了国内外有关禾豆间作氮素高效利用主要机理及相关农艺调控途径的研究现状,旨在为构建简易、高产、高效、氮肥节约型禾豆间作模式提供有力的科学依据和理论支撑。     

南五味子不同溶剂提取物的抑菌活性研究

[目的]研究南五味子的乙醇提取物和水提取物的抑菌活性。[方法]分离南五味子提取物中的乙醇相物质和水相物质,用牛津杯法测定其对常见的致病菌和酵母菌的抑菌活性,用平板涂布法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(MBC)。[结果]南五味子的醇相和水相物质对革兰氏阳性菌(G+)和革兰氏阴性菌(G-)均有明显的抑菌活性,对G+的抑菌活性均强于对G-的抑菌活性;醇相的抑菌活性优于水相的抑菌活性;对酵母菌的抑菌活性均不明显;醇相和水相的抑菌活性顺序均依次为:金黄色葡萄球菌>枯草芽孢杆菌>大肠杆菌>沙门氏菌>酵母菌。[结论]南五味子的乙醇提取物和水提取物均有一定的抑菌活性,值得进一步开发利用。